The term software engineering was popularized during the 1968 NATO Software Engineering Conferences. At that time it was noted that software systems were widely divergent, that the methodologies used to create software systems were changing and would continue to change, and that embracing that change was the future of software engineering. Software engineering includes the knowledge, tools, and methods for defining software requirements and performing software design, computer programming, user interface design, software testing, and software maintenance tasks. It also includes project management and quality management responsibilities, and it draws on knowledge from fields such as computer engineering, computer science, mathematics, software ergonomics, and systems engineering. All this work is coordinated and managed within a software life cycle (SLC). IEEE Std. 610.12-1990 identifies eight major areas in the software development cycle: concept exploration, requirements, design, construction (implementation), testing, installation and checkout, operations and maintenance, and retirement.
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