Abstract
These days Intranets are becoming more and more popular throughout the business world and other types of organizations. Many companies and organizations are already making this change and many more are considering it. The advantages offered by Intranets when compared to other types of networks are many, at a reduced cost for the owner. Less maintenance, less programming and more flexibility on the network platform make this change interesting. Unlike other types of networks, Intranets allow different types of machines and operating systems already at hand to be operating on the same network platform. This reduces the cost when trying to implement this type of network because the machines and operating systems already at hand can still be used throughout the network without conflicting with one another. Quick access and easy programming is also another consideration that is made when considering this type of network.
Intranets have just started to be implemented throughout the world and already a big change is being noticed. Companies are keeping track of all of their important information on web sites, which are restricted to users, unless they have the security code to access them. Thanks to Internet technology, companies and other types of organizations are able to keep all of their information organized and easily accessible with a click of a button.
The Internet, how has it changed the world around us? Government, education, business is all wrapping around it. Is this because of all of the information on it, simplicity or is it the quickness, with a simple point and click and the information appears on the screen.
The first intention of the Web, as it is referred to, was not to create a sea of web servers and surfers. The Department of Defense created it for it's own use, to keep contact with all of the locations throughout the world, making it easier for them to retrieve and send information when desired. As businesses, government and education discover the advantages of the Internet and web technologies they are starting to implement it for internal use. This is better known as an Intranet, which represents a new model for internal information management, distribution and collaborative computing and offers a simplistic but powerful implementation of client/server computing.
Intranets are private Web-based networks, usually within corporation firewalls, that connect employees and business partners to vital corporate information. Thousands of organizations are finding that Intranets can help empower their employees through more timely and less costly information flow. They let companies speed information and software to employees and business partners. Intranets provide users with capabilities like looking up information, sending and receiving e-mail, and searching directories. They make it easy to find any piece of information or resources located on the network. Users can execute a single query that results in an organized list of all matching information across all servers throughout the enterprise and onto the Internet.
As recent as two years ago, Intranets didn't exist. Now the market for internal web-servers is rapidly increasing. Intranet technology is beginning to be used all over the world. Intranets present the information in the same way to every computer. By doing this they are doing what computer and software makers have been promising but never actually delivered. Computers, software, and databases are pulled together into a single system that enables users to find information wherever it resides. Intranets are only logically "internal" to an organization but physically they can span the globe, as long as access is limited to a defined community of interests.
Countless organizations are beginning to build Intranets, bringing Internet and Web technologies to bear on internal organizational problems traditionally addressed by proprietary data base groupware and workflow solutions. Two-thirds of all large companies either have an internal web server installed of they are considering installing one.
The organizations to use Internet technologies on the corporate network generally move traditional paper-based information distribution on-line. Other types of information that might be put on-line would be the following:
· competitive sales information
· human resources/employee benefits statements
· technical support/help desk applications
· financial
· company newsletters
· project management
These companies typically provide a corporate home page as a way for employees to find their way around the corporate Intranet site. This page may have links to internal financial information, marketing, manufacturing, human resources and even non-business announcements. It may also have links to outside sites such as client home pages or other sites of interests.
Both the Internet and Intranets, center around TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) applications. These applications are used for the transport of information for both wide area and local area. Enterprise networks nowadays are a mixture of many protocols. The most popular ones being IPX, IP, SNA and many others. This is all beginning to change by replacing these protocols with one typically being the IP Protocol. IP can handle both LAN and WAN traffic, it is supported by the majority of computing platforms from Macintoshes to Windows NT to the largest mainframe and on top of it all it is the protocol used by the Internet. There are three types of protocols considered under the TCP/IP applications. These are FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) and HTTP (Hypertext Transport Protocol). HTTP, or Hypertext Transport Protocol, is a newer Internet Protocol designed expressly for the rapid distribution of hypertext documents. It uses minimum network bandwidth, in addition, its simplicity makes it easier to design and implement an HTML server or client browser.
Once a server is set up, almost everybody can create web pages. From top managers to employees are all able to create web pages with the use of HTML, which is the World Wide Web universal language format. Converting documents into HTML format is getting easier and easier with the use of new programs that do everything for one. This is considered another big advantage of using web technology because fewer programmers are required to maintain it therefor reducing the expenses of a company. Intranets allow the programmers to make one copy of any information and run it anywhere, even across both client and server platforms.
But why is this internal web so popular? There are typically three main reasons. First, all internal webs contain text and non-text items, for example recorded speech, graphics and even video clips. This allows the users to listen to speeches, watch video clips and look at graphics ranging from pictures to graphs, etc. Second, web sites can contain all types of information, depending on the content, author and effort put in to them. Companies are able to make pages referring to the employee's payroll, to company sales, client contracts, and many others without limitation. Finally, each Intranet web server can be cross-linked to others, by means of hypertext links, whether they are located around the world or just down the street. It is the ability that gives the Intranet its power, and its attraction to many corporations.
Intranets are easy to implement, unlike most other types of networks Intranets don't require the replacement of all of the existing system, databases and applications. They embrace the already existing infrastructure investments, including desktop computers, servers, mainframes, databases, applications and networks. Other types of networks would not allow an organization to have different types of machines or operating systems on the same platform. For example on a LAN or WAN network one would not be able to use Macintosh computers on the same network as an IBM PC. These types of networks would also not allow the users to use different operating systems on different computers, on the other hand Intranets allow different types of machines and operating systems to be used on the same platform.
Security is also a big factor on Intranets. Protecting information on a private network is critical. Intranets security services provide ways for resources to be protected against unauthorized users, for communications to be encrypted and authenticated, and for the integrity of information to be verified. Corporations can issue and manage a security key infrastructure to give their employees the ability to conduct, company business securely across the network.
The full potential of Intranet technologies is far from being realized. Over the next few years or so, Intranets will be enhanced with new services that will make them the prime priority for any organization. Many companies and organizations are already changing to Intranets, but as Intranets are becoming more and more popular many more will convert their LANs and WANs to Intranets because of all of the benefits they offer. Money is a big factor when deciding the change from an already existing network but when considering Intranets this usually expensive change is drastically reduced making it very interesting for companies to consider.
Bibliography
Cortese, Amy. "Here Comes The Internet." Business Week
26 Feb. 1996: 3
Carr, Jim. "Intranets deliver Internet technology can offer cheap, multiplatform access to corporate data on private networks." Info World 19 Feb. 1996: 20
Strom, David. "Creating Private Intranets: Challenges and Prospects for IS"
Internet address: http://www.strom.com/pubwork/intranetp.html taken on Feb. 10, 1997: 1-8
Thursday, 24 January 2013
internet servers
anonimous
CGS 1000
Assignment 1
02/25/97
Internet Servers
Here is a list of four common and not so common Internet servers, the list contains the basic features pushed by the servers, price of the service, and the basic software and hardware requirements to access the Internet.
THE MICROSOFT NETWORK:
Features:
the MSN has a very user friendly environment, everything is done in an easy customized format, customers can send and receive e-mail, access to chat rooms, specialized interest forums, and news groups. They also offer online shopping and the MSN BC on line news.
Cost:
To start the Microsoft Network has a free "one month" unlimited access trial plan, after that period of time they will start the first billing period. With the MSN the customers have a few choices on how they want to pay their bills and get their access, such as:
MSN premier plan: It is the easy way to get the best of the Internet, the premier plan provides exclusive MSN programming , plus five hours to explore everything the MSN and the Internet has to offer, for $6.95 per month plus $2.50 each additional hour.
MSN premier annual plan: the customers get twelve months of service for the price of ten, a single payment of $69.50 gives the annual membership, with this plan the customer still has to pay $2.50 for each additional hour after the first five hours each month.
MSN premier unlimited plan: the premier unlimited access gives everything the MSN and Internet has to offer for a flat rate of $19.95 per month. No hourly charges.
Customer support:
Service is very friendly and helpful if you are available to hold for up to twenty minutes, otherwise you are not going to be able to get in touch with them.
Hardware and software requirements:
-PC with 486dx or higher processor.
-Windows 95.
-CD-ROM drive.
-14.4 kbps modem.
-Mouse or compatible pointing device.
-VGA or higher resolution graphics card.
-8 Mb of memory required, 16 Mb recommended.
-50 Mb of additional hard disk space.
-Sound card recommended.
-Software is provide by the MSN free of charge.
Comments: Very user friendly interface. The new MSN is a little slower than the older version, because it has more graphics to load, the customer support is reachable after a substantial wait on hold, thereafter the people from MSN are very helpful.
NETCOM:
NETCOM is a nationwide company. Their emphasis is on business and productivity seeking individuals, NETCOM subscribers get unlimited access to the Internet over a high speed digital network. It also offers over 330 access points nationwide. They only have one unlimited $19.95 access rate available for the moment.
Netcom claims that they have a very user friendly software. For a beginner using Netcom, it will not take that person more than ten minutes to have it up and browsing. Packaged browsers include Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet explorer, and their own NETCOMPLETE browser. NETCOM also partners with various software companies, such as McAfee web scan, Eudora pro, Easy Photo, and Surf watch to name just a few. This company also claims that it is easy to send and receive e-mail. With their own Internet kit customers can connect to news groups, chat rooms, and web sites.
If a customer encounters any kind of problem related to NETCOM, there is a customer support available seven days a week, and twenty four hours a day at no charge. Over the phone the customers will be dealing with an automated system, and to deal with a person it has to be done via e-mail.
Main features:
Personal Services Portfolio:
It is offered to netcom customer as an extension of their base subscription rate of $19.95 per month. Some of these services are offered free of charge, and others require a nominal service fee. The current are the available pieces to the personal service portfolio.
Personal pages: It will enable a customer to create a home page on the world wide web at no additional cost. On this feature there is also available a tutorial to walk trough each step of the home page making.
Two ways to get news: The Personal News page direct will enable the customer to receive an e-mail of the top twenty headlines and summaries based on the news profiles predefined by the customer, and full text of the stories can be found on the news page web site. The other method to retrieve the news will be through the News Web Site. Up to the minute news feeds on the web, the customers can browse the top ten stories or make use of the Clarinet Newsfeeds wich are searchable by key word and category.
Personal Finances: is a set of customized financial foots, design to provide the means to make intelligent investment decisions. Information is available on over 77,000 stocks, mutual funds, options, and industry groups, the customer can get a listing of the best and worst mutual funds, and set up a personal portfolio with up to 150 entries.
Surf Watch: Allows the customer to block certain material on the Internet, this service is specially beneficial to parents who will like to keep their kids away from certain material on the Internet. It can also block the WWW, FTP, Gopher, IRC, and other sites likely to contain objectionable material.
Hardware and Software requirements:
-PC with a 486dx or higher processor.
-Microsoft windows 3.1 or Windows 95 operating system.
-CD-ROM drive.
-Above 9600 baud modem.
-Mouse or compatible pointing device.
-VGA or higher resolution graphics card.
-8 MB of memory required.
-15 MB of additional hard disk space.
-The software required is provided by NETCOM.
Comments: Customer support did not take more than three minutes to pick up the phone, and they were very helpful, I am not familiar with their interface, but judging from the looks of it seems to be very easy to use.
COMPUSERVE
To start with COMPUSERVE, you get thirty days and ten hours to explore for free, the free month includes e-mail, news, weather, stock quotes, Internet access, and hundred of special interest forums, from cats and dogs to entertainment. The price plan that they are trying to push is $9.95 for a month with five hours, each additional hour will cost $2.95 per hour, that is called the standard plan, they also have another plan called the super value plan that costs 24.95 per month with twenty hours, each additional hour costs $2.95 per hour.
Main features:
Redesigned Interface:
COMPUSERVE features a redesigned interface called COMPUSERVE 3.0, the new extensively tested user Interface helps members to find contents and features more quickly and easily, this interface can even be customized.
Multitasking: COMPUSERVE claims that this feature will save their customers time and money, the customer does not have to wait for a task to be finished to move on to another, for example, the customer can chat while downloading a file. A to do list enables start up to do multiple tasks in a background session, making it more efficient than ever to retrieve files on line.
COMPUSERVE forums: COMPUSERVE forums are gathering places of people with similar interests, such as animals and fish, home computing, health or business. The forum conference room is a more intimate chat room environment than the conference center, and more interest specific than the chat sites.
COMPUSERVE no modem e-mail: The COMPUSERVE communication card lets the customers use any telephone to listen to e-mail via text-to-voice synthesizer, the COMPUSERVE card also allows to forward e-mail messages to a fax machine, receive voice mail, set up conference calls, use speed dial, and access information services, such as news and travel. When it is used as a traditional calling card, the COMPUSERVE card allows savings up to 58% compared to the rates of other calling cards.
Hardware and software requirements:
-486 DX or higher processor.
-300 baud modem with local access.
-8 MB of ram memory.
-10 MB of additional disk space.
-Mouse or equivalent.
-VGA or higher graphic resolution.
-windows.
-Free software is provided by COMPUSERVE.
THE LIGHTHOUSE CONNECTION
Features:
News groups and chat channels are available, as well as free e-mail addresses, TLC offers their customers free disk space for their own web page at no additional cost. The local access number is a free local call for Orange county and most of Seminole county, and TLC's modems are all 28.8k bps or faster. TLC's support is available Monday through Friday from 9:30 am to 7:30 PM, and Saturday from 10:00 am to 7:30 PM.
Rates:
A flat rate of $10.95 per month for unlimited access service.
Hardware and software requirements:
-PC with a 486 dx or higher processor.
-VGA graphics card.
-mouse or other pointing device.
-9600 bps modem or faster.
-Windows.
-8 MB of RAM memory.
-10 MB free hard disk space.
-Free software is provided by TLC.
Comments: I found that TLC's customer support was very helpful , they walked me through the installation process, that I found it to be more complicated than than the one of any other server, their system seemed to be faster than any other that I have tried, but their interface was not user friendly at all, TLC and their users have to give up comfort for cost.
Service Recommendation: Personally I will go with TLC, because once I get used to it, it will be just like any other server, I will get the same basic services for half the price.
CGS 1000
Assignment 1
02/25/97
Internet Servers
Here is a list of four common and not so common Internet servers, the list contains the basic features pushed by the servers, price of the service, and the basic software and hardware requirements to access the Internet.
THE MICROSOFT NETWORK:
Features:
the MSN has a very user friendly environment, everything is done in an easy customized format, customers can send and receive e-mail, access to chat rooms, specialized interest forums, and news groups. They also offer online shopping and the MSN BC on line news.
Cost:
To start the Microsoft Network has a free "one month" unlimited access trial plan, after that period of time they will start the first billing period. With the MSN the customers have a few choices on how they want to pay their bills and get their access, such as:
MSN premier plan: It is the easy way to get the best of the Internet, the premier plan provides exclusive MSN programming , plus five hours to explore everything the MSN and the Internet has to offer, for $6.95 per month plus $2.50 each additional hour.
MSN premier annual plan: the customers get twelve months of service for the price of ten, a single payment of $69.50 gives the annual membership, with this plan the customer still has to pay $2.50 for each additional hour after the first five hours each month.
MSN premier unlimited plan: the premier unlimited access gives everything the MSN and Internet has to offer for a flat rate of $19.95 per month. No hourly charges.
Customer support:
Service is very friendly and helpful if you are available to hold for up to twenty minutes, otherwise you are not going to be able to get in touch with them.
Hardware and software requirements:
-PC with 486dx or higher processor.
-Windows 95.
-CD-ROM drive.
-14.4 kbps modem.
-Mouse or compatible pointing device.
-VGA or higher resolution graphics card.
-8 Mb of memory required, 16 Mb recommended.
-50 Mb of additional hard disk space.
-Sound card recommended.
-Software is provide by the MSN free of charge.
Comments: Very user friendly interface. The new MSN is a little slower than the older version, because it has more graphics to load, the customer support is reachable after a substantial wait on hold, thereafter the people from MSN are very helpful.
NETCOM:
NETCOM is a nationwide company. Their emphasis is on business and productivity seeking individuals, NETCOM subscribers get unlimited access to the Internet over a high speed digital network. It also offers over 330 access points nationwide. They only have one unlimited $19.95 access rate available for the moment.
Netcom claims that they have a very user friendly software. For a beginner using Netcom, it will not take that person more than ten minutes to have it up and browsing. Packaged browsers include Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet explorer, and their own NETCOMPLETE browser. NETCOM also partners with various software companies, such as McAfee web scan, Eudora pro, Easy Photo, and Surf watch to name just a few. This company also claims that it is easy to send and receive e-mail. With their own Internet kit customers can connect to news groups, chat rooms, and web sites.
If a customer encounters any kind of problem related to NETCOM, there is a customer support available seven days a week, and twenty four hours a day at no charge. Over the phone the customers will be dealing with an automated system, and to deal with a person it has to be done via e-mail.
Main features:
Personal Services Portfolio:
It is offered to netcom customer as an extension of their base subscription rate of $19.95 per month. Some of these services are offered free of charge, and others require a nominal service fee. The current are the available pieces to the personal service portfolio.
Personal pages: It will enable a customer to create a home page on the world wide web at no additional cost. On this feature there is also available a tutorial to walk trough each step of the home page making.
Two ways to get news: The Personal News page direct will enable the customer to receive an e-mail of the top twenty headlines and summaries based on the news profiles predefined by the customer, and full text of the stories can be found on the news page web site. The other method to retrieve the news will be through the News Web Site. Up to the minute news feeds on the web, the customers can browse the top ten stories or make use of the Clarinet Newsfeeds wich are searchable by key word and category.
Personal Finances: is a set of customized financial foots, design to provide the means to make intelligent investment decisions. Information is available on over 77,000 stocks, mutual funds, options, and industry groups, the customer can get a listing of the best and worst mutual funds, and set up a personal portfolio with up to 150 entries.
Surf Watch: Allows the customer to block certain material on the Internet, this service is specially beneficial to parents who will like to keep their kids away from certain material on the Internet. It can also block the WWW, FTP, Gopher, IRC, and other sites likely to contain objectionable material.
Hardware and Software requirements:
-PC with a 486dx or higher processor.
-Microsoft windows 3.1 or Windows 95 operating system.
-CD-ROM drive.
-Above 9600 baud modem.
-Mouse or compatible pointing device.
-VGA or higher resolution graphics card.
-8 MB of memory required.
-15 MB of additional hard disk space.
-The software required is provided by NETCOM.
Comments: Customer support did not take more than three minutes to pick up the phone, and they were very helpful, I am not familiar with their interface, but judging from the looks of it seems to be very easy to use.
COMPUSERVE
To start with COMPUSERVE, you get thirty days and ten hours to explore for free, the free month includes e-mail, news, weather, stock quotes, Internet access, and hundred of special interest forums, from cats and dogs to entertainment. The price plan that they are trying to push is $9.95 for a month with five hours, each additional hour will cost $2.95 per hour, that is called the standard plan, they also have another plan called the super value plan that costs 24.95 per month with twenty hours, each additional hour costs $2.95 per hour.
Main features:
Redesigned Interface:
COMPUSERVE features a redesigned interface called COMPUSERVE 3.0, the new extensively tested user Interface helps members to find contents and features more quickly and easily, this interface can even be customized.
Multitasking: COMPUSERVE claims that this feature will save their customers time and money, the customer does not have to wait for a task to be finished to move on to another, for example, the customer can chat while downloading a file. A to do list enables start up to do multiple tasks in a background session, making it more efficient than ever to retrieve files on line.
COMPUSERVE forums: COMPUSERVE forums are gathering places of people with similar interests, such as animals and fish, home computing, health or business. The forum conference room is a more intimate chat room environment than the conference center, and more interest specific than the chat sites.
COMPUSERVE no modem e-mail: The COMPUSERVE communication card lets the customers use any telephone to listen to e-mail via text-to-voice synthesizer, the COMPUSERVE card also allows to forward e-mail messages to a fax machine, receive voice mail, set up conference calls, use speed dial, and access information services, such as news and travel. When it is used as a traditional calling card, the COMPUSERVE card allows savings up to 58% compared to the rates of other calling cards.
Hardware and software requirements:
-486 DX or higher processor.
-300 baud modem with local access.
-8 MB of ram memory.
-10 MB of additional disk space.
-Mouse or equivalent.
-VGA or higher graphic resolution.
-windows.
-Free software is provided by COMPUSERVE.
THE LIGHTHOUSE CONNECTION
Features:
News groups and chat channels are available, as well as free e-mail addresses, TLC offers their customers free disk space for their own web page at no additional cost. The local access number is a free local call for Orange county and most of Seminole county, and TLC's modems are all 28.8k bps or faster. TLC's support is available Monday through Friday from 9:30 am to 7:30 PM, and Saturday from 10:00 am to 7:30 PM.
Rates:
A flat rate of $10.95 per month for unlimited access service.
Hardware and software requirements:
-PC with a 486 dx or higher processor.
-VGA graphics card.
-mouse or other pointing device.
-9600 bps modem or faster.
-Windows.
-8 MB of RAM memory.
-10 MB free hard disk space.
-Free software is provided by TLC.
Comments: I found that TLC's customer support was very helpful , they walked me through the installation process, that I found it to be more complicated than than the one of any other server, their system seemed to be faster than any other that I have tried, but their interface was not user friendly at all, TLC and their users have to give up comfort for cost.
Service Recommendation: Personally I will go with TLC, because once I get used to it, it will be just like any other server, I will get the same basic services for half the price.
IMPLEMENTING A CAD SYSTEM TO REDUCE COSTS
IMPLEMENTING A CAD SYSTEM TO REDUCE COSTS
Introduction
This report will analyze a proposal on how Woodbridge Foam could become more competitive
through improvements in technology. This includes the saving of the companies money,
shortening the design time for new products, decreasing quoting time and improving quality
overall. By implementing a company wide CAD system, which would be networked together with
each customer and all plants, these improvements could be achieved. Research will include
interviewing various employees as to how business is done and what influences the winning or
loosing of a contract. Research will also include study of both customer and competitors
systems.
Project Scope & Current Evaluation
Goals Supported by CAD Initiative:
In converting to a completely independent CAD system, there are a few aspects of operation
which would be greatly improved. The first of the improvements would be the elimination of
paper communication. The need to transfer large drawings using mylars would cease to be,
thus helping provide a paper less environment. Another improvement as a result of CAD would
be that of achieving much tighter tolerances in building new products. Using a CAD system,
part designs could be received in an electronic format such as a math model. These models
are currently in use by customers such as GM, BMW and Mercedes. The effect of having math
models of all new products would enable a quicker turnaround in both quoting and production
of products. CAD Vendors & Hardware Suppliers: Upon observing the various systems used by
several customers and suppliers, the major CAD vendors worth consideration have been
identified. Manufacturers of high quality workstations which have been distinguish are:
Hewlett Packard (HP) IBM Silicon Graphics (SGI) SUN Premium, fully functional CAD solutions
are: CATIA (Dassault / IBM) Computervision (Computervision / TSI) SDRC (SDRC / CAD
Solutions) Unigraphics (EDS) Current System Description Success Factors: In implementing a
new, otherwise foreign system into an established habitual way of doing things, there are
several success factors which must be examined. If these factors are carefully thought
over, a favorable shift from old to new may be obtained. Some critical success factors are
as follows: Vendor availability - Will the chosen system supplier be readily available for
technical support? Product engineering acceptance - Will those who are set in their ways be
willing to abandon their habitual manner of operating? Training - Thorough training of all
related employees must be completed before introduction of the new system. Data management
- A new manner of recording all vital information must be established and proper procedures
documented. Customer interface - Will the chosen system be compatible with those used by our
customers and will needed data be easily convertible?
Company Weaknesses:
Currently, there are many aspects of our situation which present problems in coping with
changing times, which in turn affect the development of technology. Some weaknesses in the
company which curtail our affiliation with the developmental progress of our customers and
suppliers are: We cannot easily accept electronic data; We must deal in manual drawings; We
have many copies of similar drawings; We have multiple ECN levels; We have minimal CAD
knowledge; We must perform manual volume calculations.
Threats to Business:
If procedures are not taken in order to improve on the present company weaknesses, there are
bona fide threats which could potentially harm future progress and business. Once the
weakness in the company have been effaced, the following threat to our business may be
eliminated or greatly reduced. The immediate threats are: Suppliers may assume the design
role; Competitors able to accept electronic input; No business with new products;
Deterioration of communications; Lost productivity Process Description: As in most large
corporations, our process generally follows a standard order of operations. There are
several departments or areas which have functions. Based on the function of a department or
area, a focus area is established and followed. Department/Area Function Focus Area
Customer
Designs seat
Product Engineering
Designs tool to manufacture seat
Supplier
Builds tools and supplies components needed to manufacture and construct seat
Product Evaluation & Costing
Costs seat based on foam and components used, manufacturing costs and assembly
Purchasing
Locates seat component suppliers and oversees development and manufacture of components
Plant
Manufactures and assembles seat
Quality Control
Ensures that products meet our own and customer standards
Sales / Marketing
Processes orders and manages overall customer relationships
New System Requirements
CAD System Requirements:
The CAD system which is chosen must be capable of performing several specific tasks. In
order for a new system to be of any use to the company and an aid to its advancement, it
must present an improvement in various areas. Some of the short term requirement of a new
CAD system are: Capable of 3D modeling including solids; May be used for simple or complex
drafting applications; Suited to quickly perform volume calculations; Apt to translate
various forms of math data.
Product Evaluation & Costing (P.E.C.) Requirements:
With respect to all the various areas of the company, the role of the P.E.C. department is
one of the most important in the area of profit. Once the costing department receives a
part request from a customer, it is the responsibility of the costing department to ensure
that the life cycle of the part development is managed cost efficiently. When a current
product undergoes an engineering change, it is the responsibility of the Costing team
members to note the changes. The product must be re-costed, accounting for variances in
foam and components. If an increase in foam is noted, the change must be calculated. Using
manual calculations, the new part volume is derived and the customer is charged accordingly.
Because foam variances are obtained manually, customers may at times, not be fully charged
for the added cost of foam. Using a CAD system to perform a volume calculation, the answer
would be definitive. The time needed to ship a print is approximately two days. If math
models of products were sent via E-mail, the information needed by the costing department
would be obtained two days earlier. Once complete, a costing package would in turn, arrive
at a plant, also two days earlier from costing. In effect, a total of four days could be
eliminated from the time needed to begin manufacturing a product. Solution Evaluation &
Recommendation Benefits of CAD System In utilizing a CAD system, there are many areas of
operation which are directly or indirectly affected. Because of the speed and accuracy with
which a professional CAD system operates, time, and thus money, may be saved. Potential CAD
project benefits include: Improved accuracy in quotes and design; Reduction in copying and
courier costs; Faster and more accurate calculations of complex volumes; Management of
expanding drawing database; Improved electronic communication with customers and suppliers.
Recommended Vendor/Supplier
Based on thorough presentations made to executives of Woodbridge Foam by each candidate and
the penetration of these amongst key Woodbridge customers, it is recommended that
Unigraphics be implemented as the solution. The Unigraphics system is currently used b 40%
of Woodbridge customers. This system is also capable of performing all of the previously
mentioned tasks such as 3D modeling, drafting, volume calculations and translating different
forms of math data.
Justification of CAD & Unigraphics
CAD justification includes:
Elimination of Mylars;
Encouragement of a paper-less environment;
Reduction in copy and reproduction costs;
Reduction in courier costs;
Faster and more accurate part volume calculations.
Unigraphics justification includes:
Used by key customers such as Chrysler and GM;
Ability to convert data used by all customers;
Extra commitment and availability for technical support;
Extensive research into company prior to presentation.
Work Station Cost:
One time costs for one Workstation:
Unigraphics Software License
$30 000
Hewlett Packard Workstation
$45 000
EDS Assistance (Assessment/Help)
$ 5 000
Training (UG Education)
$10 000
Consulting Assistance
$ 7 500
Printer and Plotter
$30 000
Hummingbird/Exceed PC Access Software
$10 000
One time total costs
$137 500
Annual Maintenance Costs: $3 750
Cost Reductions:
As previously mentioned, the implementation of a CAD system will reduce costs in several
areas. By eliminating the need for physical prints, the cost of reproducing and shipping
prints will be eliminated. Some potential cost reductions in dollars are: Prints: 35,000
Mylars:
75,000
Courier:
5,500
Travel:
16,000
Plants (saved travel):
90,000*
Productivity Improvement
75,000*
TOTAL SAVED:
296,500
Productivity Improvements:
There are some improvements in productivity which do not present a monetary value. These
improvements however; will benefit the company and customer relations. These non-monetary
productivity improvements are: Improved accuracy; Improved customer satisfaction; Support
for higher tolerance of products; Improved on-line access to information; Improved internal
communication between Woodbridge departments.
Conclusion:
As advancements in technology continue to be the norm, it is essential that those who wish
to remain competitive, adhere to these advancements. In the case of the Woodbridge Foam
Corporation, maintaining and equal standing with technological advancements will allow for
improvements in the company as a whole. Cost saving may be incurred in the areas of print
and courier costs; while the need for paper transference is eliminated. Tolerances, quoting
time and an overall improvement in quality will in turn improve the satisfaction of our
customers. Because of these advancements in technology within the company, the saying "a
satisfied customer is a return customer" may be brought to life.
4
4
Introduction
This report will analyze a proposal on how Woodbridge Foam could become more competitive
through improvements in technology. This includes the saving of the companies money,
shortening the design time for new products, decreasing quoting time and improving quality
overall. By implementing a company wide CAD system, which would be networked together with
each customer and all plants, these improvements could be achieved. Research will include
interviewing various employees as to how business is done and what influences the winning or
loosing of a contract. Research will also include study of both customer and competitors
systems.
Project Scope & Current Evaluation
Goals Supported by CAD Initiative:
In converting to a completely independent CAD system, there are a few aspects of operation
which would be greatly improved. The first of the improvements would be the elimination of
paper communication. The need to transfer large drawings using mylars would cease to be,
thus helping provide a paper less environment. Another improvement as a result of CAD would
be that of achieving much tighter tolerances in building new products. Using a CAD system,
part designs could be received in an electronic format such as a math model. These models
are currently in use by customers such as GM, BMW and Mercedes. The effect of having math
models of all new products would enable a quicker turnaround in both quoting and production
of products. CAD Vendors & Hardware Suppliers: Upon observing the various systems used by
several customers and suppliers, the major CAD vendors worth consideration have been
identified. Manufacturers of high quality workstations which have been distinguish are:
Hewlett Packard (HP) IBM Silicon Graphics (SGI) SUN Premium, fully functional CAD solutions
are: CATIA (Dassault / IBM) Computervision (Computervision / TSI) SDRC (SDRC / CAD
Solutions) Unigraphics (EDS) Current System Description Success Factors: In implementing a
new, otherwise foreign system into an established habitual way of doing things, there are
several success factors which must be examined. If these factors are carefully thought
over, a favorable shift from old to new may be obtained. Some critical success factors are
as follows: Vendor availability - Will the chosen system supplier be readily available for
technical support? Product engineering acceptance - Will those who are set in their ways be
willing to abandon their habitual manner of operating? Training - Thorough training of all
related employees must be completed before introduction of the new system. Data management
- A new manner of recording all vital information must be established and proper procedures
documented. Customer interface - Will the chosen system be compatible with those used by our
customers and will needed data be easily convertible?
Company Weaknesses:
Currently, there are many aspects of our situation which present problems in coping with
changing times, which in turn affect the development of technology. Some weaknesses in the
company which curtail our affiliation with the developmental progress of our customers and
suppliers are: We cannot easily accept electronic data; We must deal in manual drawings; We
have many copies of similar drawings; We have multiple ECN levels; We have minimal CAD
knowledge; We must perform manual volume calculations.
Threats to Business:
If procedures are not taken in order to improve on the present company weaknesses, there are
bona fide threats which could potentially harm future progress and business. Once the
weakness in the company have been effaced, the following threat to our business may be
eliminated or greatly reduced. The immediate threats are: Suppliers may assume the design
role; Competitors able to accept electronic input; No business with new products;
Deterioration of communications; Lost productivity Process Description: As in most large
corporations, our process generally follows a standard order of operations. There are
several departments or areas which have functions. Based on the function of a department or
area, a focus area is established and followed. Department/Area Function Focus Area
Customer
Designs seat
Product Engineering
Designs tool to manufacture seat
Supplier
Builds tools and supplies components needed to manufacture and construct seat
Product Evaluation & Costing
Costs seat based on foam and components used, manufacturing costs and assembly
Purchasing
Locates seat component suppliers and oversees development and manufacture of components
Plant
Manufactures and assembles seat
Quality Control
Ensures that products meet our own and customer standards
Sales / Marketing
Processes orders and manages overall customer relationships
New System Requirements
CAD System Requirements:
The CAD system which is chosen must be capable of performing several specific tasks. In
order for a new system to be of any use to the company and an aid to its advancement, it
must present an improvement in various areas. Some of the short term requirement of a new
CAD system are: Capable of 3D modeling including solids; May be used for simple or complex
drafting applications; Suited to quickly perform volume calculations; Apt to translate
various forms of math data.
Product Evaluation & Costing (P.E.C.) Requirements:
With respect to all the various areas of the company, the role of the P.E.C. department is
one of the most important in the area of profit. Once the costing department receives a
part request from a customer, it is the responsibility of the costing department to ensure
that the life cycle of the part development is managed cost efficiently. When a current
product undergoes an engineering change, it is the responsibility of the Costing team
members to note the changes. The product must be re-costed, accounting for variances in
foam and components. If an increase in foam is noted, the change must be calculated. Using
manual calculations, the new part volume is derived and the customer is charged accordingly.
Because foam variances are obtained manually, customers may at times, not be fully charged
for the added cost of foam. Using a CAD system to perform a volume calculation, the answer
would be definitive. The time needed to ship a print is approximately two days. If math
models of products were sent via E-mail, the information needed by the costing department
would be obtained two days earlier. Once complete, a costing package would in turn, arrive
at a plant, also two days earlier from costing. In effect, a total of four days could be
eliminated from the time needed to begin manufacturing a product. Solution Evaluation &
Recommendation Benefits of CAD System In utilizing a CAD system, there are many areas of
operation which are directly or indirectly affected. Because of the speed and accuracy with
which a professional CAD system operates, time, and thus money, may be saved. Potential CAD
project benefits include: Improved accuracy in quotes and design; Reduction in copying and
courier costs; Faster and more accurate calculations of complex volumes; Management of
expanding drawing database; Improved electronic communication with customers and suppliers.
Recommended Vendor/Supplier
Based on thorough presentations made to executives of Woodbridge Foam by each candidate and
the penetration of these amongst key Woodbridge customers, it is recommended that
Unigraphics be implemented as the solution. The Unigraphics system is currently used b 40%
of Woodbridge customers. This system is also capable of performing all of the previously
mentioned tasks such as 3D modeling, drafting, volume calculations and translating different
forms of math data.
Justification of CAD & Unigraphics
CAD justification includes:
Elimination of Mylars;
Encouragement of a paper-less environment;
Reduction in copy and reproduction costs;
Reduction in courier costs;
Faster and more accurate part volume calculations.
Unigraphics justification includes:
Used by key customers such as Chrysler and GM;
Ability to convert data used by all customers;
Extra commitment and availability for technical support;
Extensive research into company prior to presentation.
Work Station Cost:
One time costs for one Workstation:
Unigraphics Software License
$30 000
Hewlett Packard Workstation
$45 000
EDS Assistance (Assessment/Help)
$ 5 000
Training (UG Education)
$10 000
Consulting Assistance
$ 7 500
Printer and Plotter
$30 000
Hummingbird/Exceed PC Access Software
$10 000
One time total costs
$137 500
Annual Maintenance Costs: $3 750
Cost Reductions:
As previously mentioned, the implementation of a CAD system will reduce costs in several
areas. By eliminating the need for physical prints, the cost of reproducing and shipping
prints will be eliminated. Some potential cost reductions in dollars are: Prints: 35,000
Mylars:
75,000
Courier:
5,500
Travel:
16,000
Plants (saved travel):
90,000*
Productivity Improvement
75,000*
TOTAL SAVED:
296,500
Productivity Improvements:
There are some improvements in productivity which do not present a monetary value. These
improvements however; will benefit the company and customer relations. These non-monetary
productivity improvements are: Improved accuracy; Improved customer satisfaction; Support
for higher tolerance of products; Improved on-line access to information; Improved internal
communication between Woodbridge departments.
Conclusion:
As advancements in technology continue to be the norm, it is essential that those who wish
to remain competitive, adhere to these advancements. In the case of the Woodbridge Foam
Corporation, maintaining and equal standing with technological advancements will allow for
improvements in the company as a whole. Cost saving may be incurred in the areas of print
and courier costs; while the need for paper transference is eliminated. Tolerances, quoting
time and an overall improvement in quality will in turn improve the satisfaction of our
customers. Because of these advancements in technology within the company, the saying "a
satisfied customer is a return customer" may be brought to life.
4
4
Cyberspace in Perspective
1.
If a survey were being done on how people experience cyberspace, one would immediately notice that no two answers would be the same. Experiencing cyberspace is something that is different for every individual. I myself experience cyberspace psychologically, I experience it in my mind. There have been many attempts at trying to define the abstruse term, but up to date, no one has pinned the tail on the donkey. There cannot be one solid definition for a word that possesses so many meanings. I personally associate the word cyberspace with the idea of being able to travel to distant places without ever leaving my chair. Obviously, I know that there is no possible way of visiting different places or countries via my home computer, but in my mind, when I see the location that I am connected to, it feel as though a part of me is there. The best part is that I can switch from scenario to scenario without having to travel any ground. I do not feel a sense of distance or location, except when it takes a prolonged amount of time to connect to a host. When I travel from place to place (site to site), I do not cover any known physical distances, but instead I cover visual distance.
Just as many people do, I refer to the places that I visit as virtual worlds. I like calling them this because I never actually get to see the reality of the "world". I only get to see it electronically and digitally. The feeling that I experience while in cyberspace is knowing that I possess the power to visit any where I want. When I click one of the buttons on the mouse, or what I refer to as a transporter, I feel as though all the power in the world rests at the end of my fingertips. I am in my own sort of fantasy land. Once I land in a desired location, or website, I have the opportunity to click on pictures and words that take me to new worlds. These pictures and words have the power to make my virtual tour even more pleasing by introducing me to new and exciting things. People have referred to experiences in cyberspace, experiences such as mine, as a basic extension of the mind. I definitely agree with this statement. I believe that it takes imagination and creativity to experience all of the things that cyberspace has to offer. With all the colors, strange text and mind-boggling graphics, cyberspace is something that everyone must experience on their own. No two people experience it in the same way and it takes practice to learn different ways of experiencing all that it has to offer. I guess everyone must find their own little 'cyber-niche'.
2.
In today's technological oriented society, it is difficult for one to go about their daily lives without interacting in some form or another with digital components. Communication is the perfect example of how people interact with digital technology. Talking to loved ones who live on the other side of the globe, faxing a friend, or simply calling in sick to work, are all forms of communication, but these examples are taken for granted.
A popular form of digital communication, whether people realize it or not, is the cellular phone. Cellular phones have become very popular toys over the past few years and they are 100% digital. For people who are constantly on the go, the "Cell Phone" is a convenient digital advancement. I find the cellular phone to be of much help in the stickier situations; like when I am being forced to change a flat tire in -20o weather, when there's heavy traffic, when I want to find a quicker route to where I'm going, or when I get lost in an unfamiliar region. They are relatively expensive to use, but in most cases, I would say that they are well worth their price. I don't have five hour conversations using them, but I can let people know what I want to tell them in a short amount of time, which I find extremely handy. Before the ease of world-wide portable phones, there was a different breed of digital communication devices: beepers. Beepers, or pagers as they are commonly called, go hand in hand with cell phones. If a person does not own a cellular phone, a pager is a great alternative. It is a piece of digital equipment that allows the carrier to be notified when someone is trying to get in touch with them. I find that pagers are better in the sense that they cost less than cell phones do. I was given a pager years ago, and I still use the same one today. It's much easier to answer a pager than a cell phone when I am driving. Even though they are not as great of a communication tool as a cellular phone, I would probably never give mine up. I also communicate with the pager because I read it's LCD display when I am interested in finding out who is disturbing me.
Still on topic of communication, I cannot forget to mention television. It is a huge form of communication today, more so than ever before. Although televisions have changed dramatically in a short amount of time, TVs communicate several different messages. Everyone watches television at some point in time, and when they do, they are most likely interacting with a digital TV. I watch television for relaxation, or to keep up to date on world events. By simply changing the channels, or more complex things such as programming channels/time/date, I am interacting with the television. Television is visually pleasing. My concentration becomes affixed to the point that I have no idea, or very little idea, as to what is going on around me.
VCRs go hand in hand with the television. As I do with the TV, I have to give the VCR commands as well. Whether I tell it to PLAY, STOP or REWIND, I am interacting with it. As with the television, I am fixating all of my attention to what it is showing, or playing.
Going back to raw communication, a real piece of digital equipment that I have found to be handy is the fax machine. Fax machines transmit messages back and forth from one party to another. Fax machines are not as accessible as TVs or VCRs, but those that use them get the chance to interact with digital technology. I have found this type of digital equipment extremely useful when looking for a job. I have, in the past, faxed resumes to different employers who were looking for workers. I have also used them on many other occasions, but getting access to one is relatively difficult with out spending money to send copies. Another type of digital component that I interact with is my computer. I use it on a daily basis to type out assignments, e-mail, and to gather information off of the Internet. Also, being a student at Trent University, I have a student card which digitally allows me to take out books, eat, and get in and out of special events all by simply swiping it through a scanner. Digital pocket agendas have become quite common for students. I use one almost every time I use the phone. It contains several phone numbers, important dates, and many reminders that make organization much easier. There are many other digital components that I interact with, but I feel that the ones I have mentioned are the most prevalent in my life.
3.
Just as there are many forms of digital components that I interact with, there are many analog components as well. The most popular analog component that I use is the telephone. Some use fiberoptic lines, but I will refer to the older, more traditional phones. There are many reasons why I use the phone such as keeping in touch with family and friends, calling my boss at work, or ordering a pizza. In today's hi-tech environment, I can even call JoJo to find out what tomorrow will bring. For me, the telephone is the easiest way to get in touch with people. I find that it is much easier to express feelings over the phone for the simple fact that I do not have to be vis-à-vis with the person. Being face to face is sometimes much too personal, and I am far more interested in telling the boss that I cannot come into work without him having to see that I'm not actually sick. Therefore, it is clear that there are many reasons for using a telephone, and that these examples do not only apply to myself, but to many others who use a telephone.
Some feel that because we are in such a hi-tech world, they have to purchase the new high priced advancements. For example, buying a high quality digital watch. I think this to be very unnecessary. I own an old fashioned analog watch. The good old fashioned glow in the dark dial works best for me. I think it's just a status symbol to have the best watch, but then again, I've never seen a 24K gold digital watch. Also, when I am not listening to a CD, I still use cassette tapes. For me there is not much difference in the sound, but I can tell a difference when I want to cue (fast forward or rewind) a song. Obviously, CDs are the 'hip thing' of the 90's, but I find nothing is wrong with a cassette. There are many forms of music that I listen to that are not digital. Many people still have tape players in their vehicles, which goes to show that I am not the only person who still does not mind analog.
4.
When trying to figure out how far apart two phones are from each other, many forms of calculation come into play. It is easy to estimate that your phone is approximately thirty feet from your neighbors, but that is not very accurate, there are ways to measure the exact distance between two phones. When the police send out a signal that bounces off a moving object and then back to their radar gun, a computer program measures how long it took for the signal to come back and thus executes the calculations. A programmer could easily write a loop program that sends a signal to a far away computer (modem) and then wait for the signal to come back. This loop would allow the computer to figure out how long it took for the signal to reach it's destination, and come back, thus telling the person how far apart the two phones are from each other.
By looking at two phone numbers, one can tell by their dimensions how far apart they may be. For example, if two phones were being compared and one of the phone numbers was (519) 498-0872 and the other phone number was 011-356-7951, one might take a wild guess that these numbers are far from each other. Long distance calls, for some reason, seem to sound a little different than close connection calls. When one notices that the person on the other lines voice sounds faded or with static, they can guess that the call is coming from far away. One could get extremely technical and measure the resistance between two phones, but that is difficult for the average person to do. The easiest ways to tell how far apart two phones are is to estimate. People can estimate this by: voice quality, length of phone number, or by running a loop program.
If a survey were being done on how people experience cyberspace, one would immediately notice that no two answers would be the same. Experiencing cyberspace is something that is different for every individual. I myself experience cyberspace psychologically, I experience it in my mind. There have been many attempts at trying to define the abstruse term, but up to date, no one has pinned the tail on the donkey. There cannot be one solid definition for a word that possesses so many meanings. I personally associate the word cyberspace with the idea of being able to travel to distant places without ever leaving my chair. Obviously, I know that there is no possible way of visiting different places or countries via my home computer, but in my mind, when I see the location that I am connected to, it feel as though a part of me is there. The best part is that I can switch from scenario to scenario without having to travel any ground. I do not feel a sense of distance or location, except when it takes a prolonged amount of time to connect to a host. When I travel from place to place (site to site), I do not cover any known physical distances, but instead I cover visual distance.
Just as many people do, I refer to the places that I visit as virtual worlds. I like calling them this because I never actually get to see the reality of the "world". I only get to see it electronically and digitally. The feeling that I experience while in cyberspace is knowing that I possess the power to visit any where I want. When I click one of the buttons on the mouse, or what I refer to as a transporter, I feel as though all the power in the world rests at the end of my fingertips. I am in my own sort of fantasy land. Once I land in a desired location, or website, I have the opportunity to click on pictures and words that take me to new worlds. These pictures and words have the power to make my virtual tour even more pleasing by introducing me to new and exciting things. People have referred to experiences in cyberspace, experiences such as mine, as a basic extension of the mind. I definitely agree with this statement. I believe that it takes imagination and creativity to experience all of the things that cyberspace has to offer. With all the colors, strange text and mind-boggling graphics, cyberspace is something that everyone must experience on their own. No two people experience it in the same way and it takes practice to learn different ways of experiencing all that it has to offer. I guess everyone must find their own little 'cyber-niche'.
2.
In today's technological oriented society, it is difficult for one to go about their daily lives without interacting in some form or another with digital components. Communication is the perfect example of how people interact with digital technology. Talking to loved ones who live on the other side of the globe, faxing a friend, or simply calling in sick to work, are all forms of communication, but these examples are taken for granted.
A popular form of digital communication, whether people realize it or not, is the cellular phone. Cellular phones have become very popular toys over the past few years and they are 100% digital. For people who are constantly on the go, the "Cell Phone" is a convenient digital advancement. I find the cellular phone to be of much help in the stickier situations; like when I am being forced to change a flat tire in -20o weather, when there's heavy traffic, when I want to find a quicker route to where I'm going, or when I get lost in an unfamiliar region. They are relatively expensive to use, but in most cases, I would say that they are well worth their price. I don't have five hour conversations using them, but I can let people know what I want to tell them in a short amount of time, which I find extremely handy. Before the ease of world-wide portable phones, there was a different breed of digital communication devices: beepers. Beepers, or pagers as they are commonly called, go hand in hand with cell phones. If a person does not own a cellular phone, a pager is a great alternative. It is a piece of digital equipment that allows the carrier to be notified when someone is trying to get in touch with them. I find that pagers are better in the sense that they cost less than cell phones do. I was given a pager years ago, and I still use the same one today. It's much easier to answer a pager than a cell phone when I am driving. Even though they are not as great of a communication tool as a cellular phone, I would probably never give mine up. I also communicate with the pager because I read it's LCD display when I am interested in finding out who is disturbing me.
Still on topic of communication, I cannot forget to mention television. It is a huge form of communication today, more so than ever before. Although televisions have changed dramatically in a short amount of time, TVs communicate several different messages. Everyone watches television at some point in time, and when they do, they are most likely interacting with a digital TV. I watch television for relaxation, or to keep up to date on world events. By simply changing the channels, or more complex things such as programming channels/time/date, I am interacting with the television. Television is visually pleasing. My concentration becomes affixed to the point that I have no idea, or very little idea, as to what is going on around me.
VCRs go hand in hand with the television. As I do with the TV, I have to give the VCR commands as well. Whether I tell it to PLAY, STOP or REWIND, I am interacting with it. As with the television, I am fixating all of my attention to what it is showing, or playing.
Going back to raw communication, a real piece of digital equipment that I have found to be handy is the fax machine. Fax machines transmit messages back and forth from one party to another. Fax machines are not as accessible as TVs or VCRs, but those that use them get the chance to interact with digital technology. I have found this type of digital equipment extremely useful when looking for a job. I have, in the past, faxed resumes to different employers who were looking for workers. I have also used them on many other occasions, but getting access to one is relatively difficult with out spending money to send copies. Another type of digital component that I interact with is my computer. I use it on a daily basis to type out assignments, e-mail, and to gather information off of the Internet. Also, being a student at Trent University, I have a student card which digitally allows me to take out books, eat, and get in and out of special events all by simply swiping it through a scanner. Digital pocket agendas have become quite common for students. I use one almost every time I use the phone. It contains several phone numbers, important dates, and many reminders that make organization much easier. There are many other digital components that I interact with, but I feel that the ones I have mentioned are the most prevalent in my life.
3.
Just as there are many forms of digital components that I interact with, there are many analog components as well. The most popular analog component that I use is the telephone. Some use fiberoptic lines, but I will refer to the older, more traditional phones. There are many reasons why I use the phone such as keeping in touch with family and friends, calling my boss at work, or ordering a pizza. In today's hi-tech environment, I can even call JoJo to find out what tomorrow will bring. For me, the telephone is the easiest way to get in touch with people. I find that it is much easier to express feelings over the phone for the simple fact that I do not have to be vis-à-vis with the person. Being face to face is sometimes much too personal, and I am far more interested in telling the boss that I cannot come into work without him having to see that I'm not actually sick. Therefore, it is clear that there are many reasons for using a telephone, and that these examples do not only apply to myself, but to many others who use a telephone.
Some feel that because we are in such a hi-tech world, they have to purchase the new high priced advancements. For example, buying a high quality digital watch. I think this to be very unnecessary. I own an old fashioned analog watch. The good old fashioned glow in the dark dial works best for me. I think it's just a status symbol to have the best watch, but then again, I've never seen a 24K gold digital watch. Also, when I am not listening to a CD, I still use cassette tapes. For me there is not much difference in the sound, but I can tell a difference when I want to cue (fast forward or rewind) a song. Obviously, CDs are the 'hip thing' of the 90's, but I find nothing is wrong with a cassette. There are many forms of music that I listen to that are not digital. Many people still have tape players in their vehicles, which goes to show that I am not the only person who still does not mind analog.
4.
When trying to figure out how far apart two phones are from each other, many forms of calculation come into play. It is easy to estimate that your phone is approximately thirty feet from your neighbors, but that is not very accurate, there are ways to measure the exact distance between two phones. When the police send out a signal that bounces off a moving object and then back to their radar gun, a computer program measures how long it took for the signal to come back and thus executes the calculations. A programmer could easily write a loop program that sends a signal to a far away computer (modem) and then wait for the signal to come back. This loop would allow the computer to figure out how long it took for the signal to reach it's destination, and come back, thus telling the person how far apart the two phones are from each other.
By looking at two phone numbers, one can tell by their dimensions how far apart they may be. For example, if two phones were being compared and one of the phone numbers was (519) 498-0872 and the other phone number was 011-356-7951, one might take a wild guess that these numbers are far from each other. Long distance calls, for some reason, seem to sound a little different than close connection calls. When one notices that the person on the other lines voice sounds faded or with static, they can guess that the call is coming from far away. One could get extremely technical and measure the resistance between two phones, but that is difficult for the average person to do. The easiest ways to tell how far apart two phones are is to estimate. People can estimate this by: voice quality, length of phone number, or by running a loop program.
ComputerScience
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<h3>Computer Science</h3>
<pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Even before the first computer was conceptualized, data had already been</pre><pre>stored on hard copy medium and used with a machine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>As early as 1801, the</pre><pre>punched card was used as a control device for mechanical looms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>One and</pre><pre>one-half centuries later, IBM joined punched cards to computers, encoding</pre><pre>binary information as patterns of small rectangular holes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Today, punch</pre><pre>cards are rarely used with computers. Instead, they are used for a handful</pre><pre>of train tickets and election ballots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Although some may find it</pre><pre>surprising, a computer printout is another type of hard copy medium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></pre><pre>Pictures, barcodes, and term papers are modern examples of data storage</pre><pre>that can later be retrieved using optical technology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Although it</pre><pre>consumes physical space and requires proper care, non-acidic paper</pre><pre>printouts can hold information for centuries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>If long-term storage is not</pre><pre>of prime concern, magnetic medium can retain tremendous amounts of data</pre><pre>and consume less space than a single piece of paper.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>The magnetic technology used for computer data storage is the same</pre><pre>technology used in the various forms of magnetic tape from audiocassette</pre><pre>to videocassette recorders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>One of the first computer storage devices was</pre><pre>the magnetic tape drive. Magnetic tape is a sequential data storage</pre><pre>medium. To read data, a tape drive must wind through the spool of tape to</pre><pre>the exact location of the desired information. To write, the tape drive</pre><pre>encodes data sequentially on the tape. Because tape drives cannot randomly</pre><pre>access or write data like disk drives, and are thus much slower, they have</pre><pre>been replaced as the primary storage device with the hard drive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The hard</pre><pre>drive is composed of thin layers of rigid magnetic platters stacked on top</pre><pre>of one another like records in a jukebox, and the heads that read and</pre><pre>write data to the spinning platters resemble the arm of a record player.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></pre><pre>Floppy disks are another common magnetic storage medium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>They offer</pre><pre>relatively small storage capacity when compared to hard drives, but unlike</pre><pre>hard drives, are portable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Floppy disks are constructed of a flexible</pre><pre>disk covered by a thin layer of iron oxide that stores data in the form of</pre><pre>magnetic dots. A plastic casing protects the disk: soft for the 51/4-inch</pre><pre>disk, and hard for the 31/2-inch disk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Magnetic storage medium, for all</pre><pre>its advantages, only has a life expectancy of twenty years.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Data can be stored on electronic medium, such as memory chips.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Every</pre><pre>modern personal computer utilizes electronic circuits to hold data and</pre><pre>instructions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>These devices are categorized as RAM (random access memory)</pre><pre>or ROM (read-only memory), and are compact, reliable, and efficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>RAM</pre><pre>is volatile, and is primarily used for the temporary storage of programs</pre><pre>that are running.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>ROM is non-volatile, and usually holds the basic</pre><pre>instruction sets a computer needs to operate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Electronic medium is</pre><pre>susceptible to static electricity damage and has a limited life</pre><pre>expectancy, but in the modern personal computer, electronic hardware</pre><pre>usually becomes obsolete before it fails.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Optical storage medium, on the</pre><pre>other hand, will last indefinitely.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Optical storage is an increasingly popular method of storing data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></pre><pre>Optical disk drives use lasers to read and write to their medium. When</pre><pre>writing to an optical disk, a laser creates pits on its surface to</pre><pre>represent data. Areas not burned into pits by the laser are called lands.</pre><pre>The laser reads back the data on the optical disk by scanning for pits and</pre><pre>lands. There are three primary optical disk mediums available for storage:</pre><pre>CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory), WORM (write once read many), and</pre><pre>rewritable optical disks. The CD-ROM is, by far, the most popular form of</pre><pre>optical disk storage; however, CD-ROMs are read-only. At the factory,</pre><pre>lasers are used to create a master CD-ROM, and a mold is made from the</pre><pre>master and used to create copies. WORM drives are used almost exclusively</pre><pre>for archival storage where it is important that the data cannot be changed</pre><pre>or erased after it is written, for example, financial record storage.</pre><pre>Rewritable optical disks are typically used for data backup and archiving</pre><pre>massive amounts of data, such as image databases.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Although there are many manufacturers of the data storage devices used in</pre><pre>the modern personal computer, each fits into one of four technological</pre><pre>classes according to the material and methods it uses to record</pre><pre>information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Hardcopy medium existed before the invention of the</pre><pre>computer, and magnetic medium is predominantly used today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Electronic</pre><pre>medium is used by every computer system, and is used to store instructions</pre><pre>or temporarily hold data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Finally, optical storage medium utilizes lasers</pre><pre>to read and write information to a disk that lasts indefinitely.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Each</pre><pre>type of medium is suitable for certain functions that computer users</pre><pre>require. Although they use differing technologies, they all have equal</pre><pre>importance in the modern personal computer system.</pre></div>
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<div class=Section1>
<h3>Computer Science</h3>
<pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Even before the first computer was conceptualized, data had already been</pre><pre>stored on hard copy medium and used with a machine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>As early as 1801, the</pre><pre>punched card was used as a control device for mechanical looms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>One and</pre><pre>one-half centuries later, IBM joined punched cards to computers, encoding</pre><pre>binary information as patterns of small rectangular holes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Today, punch</pre><pre>cards are rarely used with computers. Instead, they are used for a handful</pre><pre>of train tickets and election ballots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Although some may find it</pre><pre>surprising, a computer printout is another type of hard copy medium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></pre><pre>Pictures, barcodes, and term papers are modern examples of data storage</pre><pre>that can later be retrieved using optical technology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Although it</pre><pre>consumes physical space and requires proper care, non-acidic paper</pre><pre>printouts can hold information for centuries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>If long-term storage is not</pre><pre>of prime concern, magnetic medium can retain tremendous amounts of data</pre><pre>and consume less space than a single piece of paper.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>The magnetic technology used for computer data storage is the same</pre><pre>technology used in the various forms of magnetic tape from audiocassette</pre><pre>to videocassette recorders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>One of the first computer storage devices was</pre><pre>the magnetic tape drive. Magnetic tape is a sequential data storage</pre><pre>medium. To read data, a tape drive must wind through the spool of tape to</pre><pre>the exact location of the desired information. To write, the tape drive</pre><pre>encodes data sequentially on the tape. Because tape drives cannot randomly</pre><pre>access or write data like disk drives, and are thus much slower, they have</pre><pre>been replaced as the primary storage device with the hard drive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The hard</pre><pre>drive is composed of thin layers of rigid magnetic platters stacked on top</pre><pre>of one another like records in a jukebox, and the heads that read and</pre><pre>write data to the spinning platters resemble the arm of a record player.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></pre><pre>Floppy disks are another common magnetic storage medium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>They offer</pre><pre>relatively small storage capacity when compared to hard drives, but unlike</pre><pre>hard drives, are portable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Floppy disks are constructed of a flexible</pre><pre>disk covered by a thin layer of iron oxide that stores data in the form of</pre><pre>magnetic dots. A plastic casing protects the disk: soft for the 51/4-inch</pre><pre>disk, and hard for the 31/2-inch disk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Magnetic storage medium, for all</pre><pre>its advantages, only has a life expectancy of twenty years.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Data can be stored on electronic medium, such as memory chips.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Every</pre><pre>modern personal computer utilizes electronic circuits to hold data and</pre><pre>instructions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>These devices are categorized as RAM (random access memory)</pre><pre>or ROM (read-only memory), and are compact, reliable, and efficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>RAM</pre><pre>is volatile, and is primarily used for the temporary storage of programs</pre><pre>that are running.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>ROM is non-volatile, and usually holds the basic</pre><pre>instruction sets a computer needs to operate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Electronic medium is</pre><pre>susceptible to static electricity damage and has a limited life</pre><pre>expectancy, but in the modern personal computer, electronic hardware</pre><pre>usually becomes obsolete before it fails.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Optical storage medium, on the</pre><pre>other hand, will last indefinitely.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Optical storage is an increasingly popular method of storing data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></pre><pre>Optical disk drives use lasers to read and write to their medium. When</pre><pre>writing to an optical disk, a laser creates pits on its surface to</pre><pre>represent data. Areas not burned into pits by the laser are called lands.</pre><pre>The laser reads back the data on the optical disk by scanning for pits and</pre><pre>lands. There are three primary optical disk mediums available for storage:</pre><pre>CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory), WORM (write once read many), and</pre><pre>rewritable optical disks. The CD-ROM is, by far, the most popular form of</pre><pre>optical disk storage; however, CD-ROMs are read-only. At the factory,</pre><pre>lasers are used to create a master CD-ROM, and a mold is made from the</pre><pre>master and used to create copies. WORM drives are used almost exclusively</pre><pre>for archival storage where it is important that the data cannot be changed</pre><pre>or erased after it is written, for example, financial record storage.</pre><pre>Rewritable optical disks are typically used for data backup and archiving</pre><pre>massive amounts of data, such as image databases.</pre><pre><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Although there are many manufacturers of the data storage devices used in</pre><pre>the modern personal computer, each fits into one of four technological</pre><pre>classes according to the material and methods it uses to record</pre><pre>information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Hardcopy medium existed before the invention of the</pre><pre>computer, and magnetic medium is predominantly used today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Electronic</pre><pre>medium is used by every computer system, and is used to store instructions</pre><pre>or temporarily hold data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Finally, optical storage medium utilizes lasers</pre><pre>to read and write information to a disk that lasts indefinitely.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Each</pre><pre>type of medium is suitable for certain functions that computer users</pre><pre>require. Although they use differing technologies, they all have equal</pre><pre>importance in the modern personal computer system.</pre></div>
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computer virusses
COMPUTER VIRUSES
Kevan
<1>WHAT IS A COMPUTER VIRUS:
The term usually used to define a computer virus is:
' A computer virus is often malicious software which
replicates itself'
[ Podell 1987 for similar definition ]
- COMPUTER VIRUSES ARE BASICALLY PROGRAMS, LIKE A
SPREADSHEET OR A WORD PROCESSOR.
- PROGRAMS WHICH CAN INSERT EXECUTABLE COPIES OF ITSELF INTO
OTHER PROGRAMS.
- PROGRAMS THAT MANIPULATES PROGRAMS, MODIFIES OTHER
PROGRAMS AND REPRODUCE ITSELF IN THE PROCESS.
Comparing Biological viruses & Computer viruses
*************************************************************
* Attack specific * Attack specific *
* body cells * programs (*.COM *.EXE) *
*************************************************************
* Modify the genetic information * Manipulate the program: *
* of a cell other than previous 1* It performs tasks *
*************************************************************
* New viruses grow in the * The infected program produces *
* infected cell itself * virus programs *
*************************************************************
* Infected cells aren't infected * Program are infected only once*
* more than once by the same cell* by most programs*
*************************************************************
* An infected organism may not * The infected program can work *
* exhibit symptoms for a while * without error for a long time *
*************************************************************
* Not all cells with which the * Program can be made immune *
* virus contact are infected * against certain viruses *
*************************************************************
* Viruses can mutate and thus * Virus program can modify *
* cannot be clearly told apart * themselves & possibly escape *
* * detection this way *
*************************************************************
However, " computer virus " is just another name for a class
of programs. They can do anything that another program can.
The only distinguishing characteristic is the program has
ability to reproduce and infect other programs.
<2>WHAT KIND OF PROGRAM ARE CHARACTERIZED AS A VIRUS PROGRAM:
- PROGRAM WHICH HAS CAPABILITY TO EXECUTE THE MODIFICATION
ON A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS.
- CAPABILITY TO RECOGNIZE A MODIFICATION PERFORMED ON A
PROGRAM.(THE ABILITY TO PREVENT FURTHER MODIFICATION OF
THE SAME PROGRAM UPON SUCH RECONDITION.)
- MODIFIED SOFTWARE ASSUME ATTRIBUTES 1 TO 4.
<3>HOW DOES A VIRUS SPREAD:
A computer virus can only be put into your system either by
yourself or someone else. One way in which a virus can be
put into your computer is via a Trojan Horse.
-TROJAN HORSE IS USUALLY CONTAMINATED IN DISKS WHICH ARE
PARTICULARY PIRATED COPIES OF SOFTWARE. IT IS SIMPLY A
DAMAGING PROGRAM DISGUISED AS AN INNOCENT ONE. MANY
VIRUSES MAYBE HIDDEN IN IT, BUT T.H. THEMSELVES DO NOT
HAVE THE ABILITY TO REPLICATE.
Viruses also can be spread through a Wide Area network
(WAN) or a Local Area Network (LAN) by telephone line.
For example down loading a file from a local BBS.
BBS(bulletin board system)-AN Electronic mailbox that user
can access to send or receive massages.
However, there seems to be countless numbers of ways to
become infected. Every-time you down loads a program from
somewhere or borrowed a disk from a friend, you are taking
a risk of getting infected.
<4>DAMAGES AND SIGNS OF INFECTION:
a.> Fill Up your P.C. with Garbage:
As a virus reproduces, it takes up space. This space cannot
be used by the operator. As more copies of the virus are
made, the memory space is lessened.
b.> Mess Up Files:
Computer files have a fixed method of being stored. With
this being the case, it is very easy for a computer virus to
affect the system so some parts of the accessed files cannot
be located.
c.> Mess Up FAT:
FAT(the File Allocation Table) is the method used to contain
the information required about the location of files stored
on a disk. Any allocation to this information can cause
endless trouble.
d.> Mess Up The Boot Sector:
The boot sector is the special information found on a disk.
Changing the boot sector could result in the inability of the
computer to run.
e.> Format a Disk/ Diskette:
A virus can simply format a disk as the operator would with
the format or initialise command.
f.> Reset The Computer:
To reset the computer, the operator or the user only has to
press a few keys. The virus can do this by sending the codes
to the operating system.
g.> Slowing Things Down:
As the name implies, the object of the virus is to slow down
the running line of the program.
h.> Redefine Keys:
The computer has been program to recognize that certain
codes/ signals symbolize a certain keystroke. The virus
could change the definition of these keystrokes.
i.> Lock The Keyboard: redefining all keys into an empty key.
<5>WHAT TO DO AFTER VIRUS ATTACKS:
When signs of a virus attack have been recognized,
the virus has already reproduced itself several times.
Thus, to get rid of the virus, the user has to hack down
and destroy each one of these copies. The easier way is to:
1. Have the original write protected back-up copy of your
operating system on a diskette.
2. Power down the machine.
3. Boot up the system from the original system diskette.
4. Format the hard disk.
5. Restore all back-ups and all executable program.
*If it's not effective, power down and seek for professional help*
<6> TYPE OF VIRUSES:
a.> OVER-WRITING VIRUSES
b.> NON-OVERWRITNG VIRUSES
c.> MEMORY RESENDENT VIRUSES
<7>PRACTICE SAFE HEX:
Viruses are a day to day reality. Different activities
leads to different exposure. To protect oneself from a
virus, several things can be done:
1. Avoid them in the first place.
2. Discovering and getting rid of them.
3. Repairing the damage.
The simple thing that can cut down on exposure rate are to:
avoid pirate software, checking programs that have been down
loaded form the BBS before running them. Make sure that you
have sufficient backups.
<8> ANTIVIRUS PRODUCTS COMPANY:
The pace at which new antiviral products have been pouring
onto the market has accelerated rapidly since the major
infection of 1988. Indeed, by early 1989, there were over 60
proprietary products making varied claims for effectiveness in
preventing or detecting virus attacks.
For: IBM PCs & Compatibles
DISK DEFENDER PC SAFE McAFEE SCAN
DIRECTOR TECHNOLOGIES THE VOICE CONNECTION McAFEE ASSOCIATES
906 University Place 17835 Skypark Circle 4423 Cheeney Street
Evanston, IL 60201 Irvine, CA 92714 Santa Clara, CA 95054
TEL: (408) 727-4559 TEL: (714) 261-2366 TEL: (408) 988-3832
Price: $ 240.00 U.S. Price: $ 45.00 U.S. Price: $ 80.00 U.S.
Class : HARD.2 Class : SOFT.1 Class: SOFT.3
For: Macintosh Plus, SE, & II(Apple)
VIREX
HJC SOFTWARE
P.O. BOX 51816
Durham, NC 27717
TEL: (919) 490-1277
Price: $ 99.95 U.S.
Class : SOFT.3
*Class 1(infection prevention class)*
Most Class 1 products are unable to distinguish between an
acceptable or unacceptable access to an executable program.
For example, a simply DOS COPY command might cause the waring
appear on screen.
*Class 2(infection detection class)*
All Class 2 products are able to distinguish all DOS
commands. Addition to Class 1's prevention fuction, it is able
to protect all COM and EXE files from infection.
*Class 3(Top class)*
Class 3 products are cable of both prevention & detection
fuctions. And they are cable of removing the infection viruses.
<1>. COMPUTER VIRUSES a high-tech disease
WRITTEN BY: RALF BURGER
PUBLISH BY: ABACUS, U.S.A
<2>. DATA THEFT
WRITTEN BY: HUGO CORNWALL
PUBLISH BY: PONTING-GREEN, LONDON
<3>. COMPUTER VIRUSES,WORMS,DATA DIDDLERS,KILLER
-PROGRAMS, AND OTHER THREATS TO YOUR SYSTEM
WRITTEN BY: JOHN McAFEE & COLIN HAYNES
PUBLISH BY: ST.MARTIN'S PRESS, U.S.A
*************************************************
* COMPUTER VIRUSES CRISIS * THE SECRET WORLD *
* WRITTEN BY: PHILP E FITES * OF COMPUTER *
****************************** WRITTEN BY: *
* COMPUTE'S COMPUTER VIRUSES * ALLAN LNNDELL *
* WRITTEN BY: RALPH ROBERTS * *
********************
Kevan
<1>WHAT IS A COMPUTER VIRUS:
The term usually used to define a computer virus is:
' A computer virus is often malicious software which
replicates itself'
[ Podell 1987 for similar definition ]
- COMPUTER VIRUSES ARE BASICALLY PROGRAMS, LIKE A
SPREADSHEET OR A WORD PROCESSOR.
- PROGRAMS WHICH CAN INSERT EXECUTABLE COPIES OF ITSELF INTO
OTHER PROGRAMS.
- PROGRAMS THAT MANIPULATES PROGRAMS, MODIFIES OTHER
PROGRAMS AND REPRODUCE ITSELF IN THE PROCESS.
Comparing Biological viruses & Computer viruses
*************************************************************
* Attack specific * Attack specific *
* body cells * programs (*.COM *.EXE) *
*************************************************************
* Modify the genetic information * Manipulate the program: *
* of a cell other than previous 1* It performs tasks *
*************************************************************
* New viruses grow in the * The infected program produces *
* infected cell itself * virus programs *
*************************************************************
* Infected cells aren't infected * Program are infected only once*
* more than once by the same cell* by most programs*
*************************************************************
* An infected organism may not * The infected program can work *
* exhibit symptoms for a while * without error for a long time *
*************************************************************
* Not all cells with which the * Program can be made immune *
* virus contact are infected * against certain viruses *
*************************************************************
* Viruses can mutate and thus * Virus program can modify *
* cannot be clearly told apart * themselves & possibly escape *
* * detection this way *
*************************************************************
However, " computer virus " is just another name for a class
of programs. They can do anything that another program can.
The only distinguishing characteristic is the program has
ability to reproduce and infect other programs.
<2>WHAT KIND OF PROGRAM ARE CHARACTERIZED AS A VIRUS PROGRAM:
- PROGRAM WHICH HAS CAPABILITY TO EXECUTE THE MODIFICATION
ON A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS.
- CAPABILITY TO RECOGNIZE A MODIFICATION PERFORMED ON A
PROGRAM.(THE ABILITY TO PREVENT FURTHER MODIFICATION OF
THE SAME PROGRAM UPON SUCH RECONDITION.)
- MODIFIED SOFTWARE ASSUME ATTRIBUTES 1 TO 4.
<3>HOW DOES A VIRUS SPREAD:
A computer virus can only be put into your system either by
yourself or someone else. One way in which a virus can be
put into your computer is via a Trojan Horse.
-TROJAN HORSE IS USUALLY CONTAMINATED IN DISKS WHICH ARE
PARTICULARY PIRATED COPIES OF SOFTWARE. IT IS SIMPLY A
DAMAGING PROGRAM DISGUISED AS AN INNOCENT ONE. MANY
VIRUSES MAYBE HIDDEN IN IT, BUT T.H. THEMSELVES DO NOT
HAVE THE ABILITY TO REPLICATE.
Viruses also can be spread through a Wide Area network
(WAN) or a Local Area Network (LAN) by telephone line.
For example down loading a file from a local BBS.
BBS(bulletin board system)-AN Electronic mailbox that user
can access to send or receive massages.
However, there seems to be countless numbers of ways to
become infected. Every-time you down loads a program from
somewhere or borrowed a disk from a friend, you are taking
a risk of getting infected.
<4>DAMAGES AND SIGNS OF INFECTION:
a.> Fill Up your P.C. with Garbage:
As a virus reproduces, it takes up space. This space cannot
be used by the operator. As more copies of the virus are
made, the memory space is lessened.
b.> Mess Up Files:
Computer files have a fixed method of being stored. With
this being the case, it is very easy for a computer virus to
affect the system so some parts of the accessed files cannot
be located.
c.> Mess Up FAT:
FAT(the File Allocation Table) is the method used to contain
the information required about the location of files stored
on a disk. Any allocation to this information can cause
endless trouble.
d.> Mess Up The Boot Sector:
The boot sector is the special information found on a disk.
Changing the boot sector could result in the inability of the
computer to run.
e.> Format a Disk/ Diskette:
A virus can simply format a disk as the operator would with
the format or initialise command.
f.> Reset The Computer:
To reset the computer, the operator or the user only has to
press a few keys. The virus can do this by sending the codes
to the operating system.
g.> Slowing Things Down:
As the name implies, the object of the virus is to slow down
the running line of the program.
h.> Redefine Keys:
The computer has been program to recognize that certain
codes/ signals symbolize a certain keystroke. The virus
could change the definition of these keystrokes.
i.> Lock The Keyboard: redefining all keys into an empty key.
<5>WHAT TO DO AFTER VIRUS ATTACKS:
When signs of a virus attack have been recognized,
the virus has already reproduced itself several times.
Thus, to get rid of the virus, the user has to hack down
and destroy each one of these copies. The easier way is to:
1. Have the original write protected back-up copy of your
operating system on a diskette.
2. Power down the machine.
3. Boot up the system from the original system diskette.
4. Format the hard disk.
5. Restore all back-ups and all executable program.
*If it's not effective, power down and seek for professional help*
<6> TYPE OF VIRUSES:
a.> OVER-WRITING VIRUSES
b.> NON-OVERWRITNG VIRUSES
c.> MEMORY RESENDENT VIRUSES
<7>PRACTICE SAFE HEX:
Viruses are a day to day reality. Different activities
leads to different exposure. To protect oneself from a
virus, several things can be done:
1. Avoid them in the first place.
2. Discovering and getting rid of them.
3. Repairing the damage.
The simple thing that can cut down on exposure rate are to:
avoid pirate software, checking programs that have been down
loaded form the BBS before running them. Make sure that you
have sufficient backups.
<8> ANTIVIRUS PRODUCTS COMPANY:
The pace at which new antiviral products have been pouring
onto the market has accelerated rapidly since the major
infection of 1988. Indeed, by early 1989, there were over 60
proprietary products making varied claims for effectiveness in
preventing or detecting virus attacks.
For: IBM PCs & Compatibles
DISK DEFENDER PC SAFE McAFEE SCAN
DIRECTOR TECHNOLOGIES THE VOICE CONNECTION McAFEE ASSOCIATES
906 University Place 17835 Skypark Circle 4423 Cheeney Street
Evanston, IL 60201 Irvine, CA 92714 Santa Clara, CA 95054
TEL: (408) 727-4559 TEL: (714) 261-2366 TEL: (408) 988-3832
Price: $ 240.00 U.S. Price: $ 45.00 U.S. Price: $ 80.00 U.S.
Class : HARD.2 Class : SOFT.1 Class: SOFT.3
For: Macintosh Plus, SE, & II(Apple)
VIREX
HJC SOFTWARE
P.O. BOX 51816
Durham, NC 27717
TEL: (919) 490-1277
Price: $ 99.95 U.S.
Class : SOFT.3
*Class 1(infection prevention class)*
Most Class 1 products are unable to distinguish between an
acceptable or unacceptable access to an executable program.
For example, a simply DOS COPY command might cause the waring
appear on screen.
*Class 2(infection detection class)*
All Class 2 products are able to distinguish all DOS
commands. Addition to Class 1's prevention fuction, it is able
to protect all COM and EXE files from infection.
*Class 3(Top class)*
Class 3 products are cable of both prevention & detection
fuctions. And they are cable of removing the infection viruses.
<1>. COMPUTER VIRUSES a high-tech disease
WRITTEN BY: RALF BURGER
PUBLISH BY: ABACUS, U.S.A
<2>. DATA THEFT
WRITTEN BY: HUGO CORNWALL
PUBLISH BY: PONTING-GREEN, LONDON
<3>. COMPUTER VIRUSES,WORMS,DATA DIDDLERS,KILLER
-PROGRAMS, AND OTHER THREATS TO YOUR SYSTEM
WRITTEN BY: JOHN McAFEE & COLIN HAYNES
PUBLISH BY: ST.MARTIN'S PRESS, U.S.A
*************************************************
* COMPUTER VIRUSES CRISIS * THE SECRET WORLD *
* WRITTEN BY: PHILP E FITES * OF COMPUTER *
****************************** WRITTEN BY: *
* COMPUTE'S COMPUTER VIRUSES * ALLAN LNNDELL *
* WRITTEN BY: RALPH ROBERTS * *
********************
Computer Viruses
COMPUTER VIRUSES
(anonymous)
<1>WHAT IS A COMPUTER VIRUS:
The term usually used to define a computer virus is:
' A computer virus is often malicious software which
replicates itself'
[ Podell 1987 for similar definition ]
- COMPUTER VIRUSES ARE BASICALLY PROGRAMS, LIKE A
SPREADSHEET OR A WORD PROCESSOR.
- PROGRAMS WHICH CAN INSERT EXECUTABLE COPIES OF ITSELF INTO
OTHER PROGRAMS.
- PROGRAMS THAT MANIPULATES PROGRAMS, MODIFIES OTHER
PROGRAMS AND REPRODUCE ITSELF IN THE PROCESS.
Comparing Biological viruses & Computer viruses
*************************************************************
* Attack specific * Attack specific *
* body cells * programs (*.COM *.EXE) *
*************************************************************
* Modify the genetic information * Manipulate the program: *
* of a cell other than previous 1* It performs tasks *
*************************************************************
* New viruses grow in the * The infected program produces *
* infected cell itself * virus programs *
*************************************************************
* Infected cells aren't infected * Program are infected only once*
* more than once by the same cell* by most programs*
*************************************************************
* An infected organism may not * The infected program can work *
* exhibit symptoms for a while * without error for a long time *
*************************************************************
* Not all cells with which the * Program can be made immune *
* virus contact are infected * against certain viruses *
*************************************************************
* Viruses can mutate and thus * Virus program can modify *
* cannot be clearly told apart * themselves & possibly escape *
* * detection this way *
*************************************************************
However, " computer virus " is just another name for a class
of programs. They can do anything that another program can.
The only distinguishing characteristic is the program has
ability to reproduce and infect other programs.
<2>WHAT KIND OF PROGRAM ARE CHARACTERIZED AS A VIRUS PROGRAM:
- PROGRAM WHICH HAS CAPABILITY TO EXECUTE THE MODIFICATION
ON A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS.
- CAPABILITY TO RECOGNIZE A MODIFICATION PERFORMED ON A
PROGRAM.(THE ABILITY TO PREVENT FURTHER MODIFICATION OF
THE SAME PROGRAM UPON SUCH RECONDITION.)
- MODIFIED SOFTWARE ASSUME ATTRIBUTES 1 TO 4.
<3>HOW DOES A VIRUS SPREAD:
A computer virus can only be put into your system either by
yourself or someone else. One way in which a virus can be
put into your computer is via a Trojan Horse.
-TROJAN HORSE IS USUALLY CONTAMINATED IN DISKS WHICH ARE
PARTICULARY PIRATED COPIES OF SOFTWARE. IT IS SIMPLY A
DAMAGING PROGRAM DISGUISED AS AN INNOCENT ONE. MANY
VIRUSES MAYBE HIDDEN IN IT, BUT T.H. THEMSELVES DO NOT
HAVE THE ABILITY TO REPLICATE.
Viruses also can be spread through a Wide Area network
(WAN) or a Local Area Network (LAN) by telephone line.
For example down loading a file from a local BBS.
BBS(bulletin board system)-AN Electronic mailbox that user
can access to send or receive massages.
However, there seems to be countless numbers of ways to
become infected. Every-time you down loads a program from
somewhere or borrowed a disk from a friend, you are taking
a risk of getting infected.
<4>DAMAGES AND SIGNS OF INFECTION:
a.> Fill Up your P.C. with Garbage:
As a virus reproduces, it takes up space. This space cannot
be used by the operator. As more copies of the virus are
made, the memory space is lessened.
b.> Mess Up Files:
Computer files have a fixed method of being stored. With
this being the case, it is very easy for a computer virus to
affect the system so some parts of the accessed files cannot
be located.
c.> Mess Up FAT:
FAT(the File Allocation Table) is the method used to contain
the information required about the location of files stored
on a disk. Any allocation to this information can cause
endless trouble.
d.> Mess Up The Boot Sector:
The boot sector is the special information found on a disk.
Changing the boot sector could result in the inability of the
computer to run.
e.> Format a Disk/ Diskette:
A virus can simply format a disk as the operator would with
the format or initialise command.
f.> Reset The Computer:
To reset the computer, the operator or the user only has to
press a few keys. The virus can do this by sending the codes
to the operating system.
g.> Slowing Things Down:
As the name implies, the object of the virus is to slow down
the running line of the program.
h.> Redefine Keys:
The computer has been program to recognize that certain
codes/ signals symbolize a certain keystroke. The virus
could change the definition of these keystrokes.
i.> Lock The Keyboard: redefining all keys into an empty key.
<5>WHAT TO DO AFTER VIRUS ATTACKS:
When signs of a virus attack have been recognized,
the virus has already reproduced itself several times.
Thus, to get rid of the virus, the user has to hack down
and destroy each one of these copies. The easier way is to:
1. Have the original write protected back-up copy of your
operating system on a diskette.
2. Power down the machine.
3. Boot up the system from the original system diskette.
4. Format the hard disk.
5. Restore all back-ups and all executable program.
*If it's not effective, power down and seek for professional help*
<6> TYPE OF VIRUSES:
a.> OVER-WRITING VIRUSES
b.> NON-OVERWRITNG VIRUSES
c.> MEMORY RESENDENT VIRUSES
<7>PRACTICE SAFE HEX:
Viruses are a day to day reality. Different activities
leads to different exposure. To protect oneself from a
virus, several things can be done:
1. Avoid them in the first place.
2. Discovering and getting rid of them.
3. Repairing the damage.
The simple thing that can cut down on exposure rate are to:
avoid pirate software, checking programs that have been down
loaded form the BBS before running them. Make sure that you
have sufficient backups.
<8> ANTIVIRUS PRODUCTS COMPANY:
The pace at which new antiviral products have been pouring
onto the market has accelerated rapidly since the major
infection of 1988. Indeed, by early 1989, there were over 60
proprietary products making varied claims for effectiveness in
preventing or detecting virus attacks.
For: IBM PCs & Compatibles
DISK DEFENDER PC SAFE McAFEE SCAN
DIRECTOR TECHNOLOGIES THE VOICE CONNECTION McAFEE ASSOCIATES
906 University Place 17835 Skypark Circle 4423 Cheeney Street
Evanston, IL 60201 Irvine, CA 92714 Santa Clara, CA 95054
TEL: (408) 727-4559 TEL: (714) 261-2366 TEL: (408) 988-3832
Price: $ 240.00 U.S. Price: $ 45.00 U.S. Price: $ 80.00 U.S.
Class : HARD.2 Class : SOFT.1 Class: SOFT.3
For: Macintosh Plus, SE, & II(Apple)
VIREX
HJC SOFTWARE
P.O. BOX 51816
Durham, NC 27717
TEL: (919) 490-1277
Price: $ 99.95 U.S.
Class : SOFT.3
*Class 1(infection prevention class)*
Most Class 1 products are unable to distinguish between an
acceptable or unacceptable access to an executable program.
For example, a simply DOS COPY command might cause the waring
appear on screen.
*Class 2(infection detection class)*
All Class 2 products are able to distinguish all DOS
commands. Addition to Class 1's prevention fuction, it is able
to protect all COM and EXE files from infection.
*Class 3(Top class)*
Class 3 products are cable of both prevention & detection
fuctions. And they are cable of removing the infection viruses.
<1>. COMPUTER VIRUSES a high-tech disease
WRITTEN BY: RALF BURGER
PUBLISH BY: ABACUS, U.S.A
<2>. DATA THEFT
WRITTEN BY: HUGO CORNWALL
PUBLISH BY: PONTING-GREEN, LONDON
<3>. COMPUTER VIRUSES,WORMS,DATA DIDDLERS,KILLER
-PROGRAMS, AND OTHER THREATS TO YOUR SYSTEM
WRITTEN BY: JOHN McAFEE & COLIN HAYNES
PUBLISH BY: ST.MARTIN'S PRESS, U.S.A
*************************************************
* COMPUTER VIRUSES CRISIS * THE SECRET WORLD *
* WRITTEN BY: PHILP E FITES * OF COMPUTER *
****************************** WRITTEN BY: *
* COMPUTE'S COMPUTER VIRUSES * ALLAN LNNDELL *
* WRITTEN BY: RALPH ROBERTS * *
(anonymous)
<1>WHAT IS A COMPUTER VIRUS:
The term usually used to define a computer virus is:
' A computer virus is often malicious software which
replicates itself'
[ Podell 1987 for similar definition ]
- COMPUTER VIRUSES ARE BASICALLY PROGRAMS, LIKE A
SPREADSHEET OR A WORD PROCESSOR.
- PROGRAMS WHICH CAN INSERT EXECUTABLE COPIES OF ITSELF INTO
OTHER PROGRAMS.
- PROGRAMS THAT MANIPULATES PROGRAMS, MODIFIES OTHER
PROGRAMS AND REPRODUCE ITSELF IN THE PROCESS.
Comparing Biological viruses & Computer viruses
*************************************************************
* Attack specific * Attack specific *
* body cells * programs (*.COM *.EXE) *
*************************************************************
* Modify the genetic information * Manipulate the program: *
* of a cell other than previous 1* It performs tasks *
*************************************************************
* New viruses grow in the * The infected program produces *
* infected cell itself * virus programs *
*************************************************************
* Infected cells aren't infected * Program are infected only once*
* more than once by the same cell* by most programs*
*************************************************************
* An infected organism may not * The infected program can work *
* exhibit symptoms for a while * without error for a long time *
*************************************************************
* Not all cells with which the * Program can be made immune *
* virus contact are infected * against certain viruses *
*************************************************************
* Viruses can mutate and thus * Virus program can modify *
* cannot be clearly told apart * themselves & possibly escape *
* * detection this way *
*************************************************************
However, " computer virus " is just another name for a class
of programs. They can do anything that another program can.
The only distinguishing characteristic is the program has
ability to reproduce and infect other programs.
<2>WHAT KIND OF PROGRAM ARE CHARACTERIZED AS A VIRUS PROGRAM:
- PROGRAM WHICH HAS CAPABILITY TO EXECUTE THE MODIFICATION
ON A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS.
- CAPABILITY TO RECOGNIZE A MODIFICATION PERFORMED ON A
PROGRAM.(THE ABILITY TO PREVENT FURTHER MODIFICATION OF
THE SAME PROGRAM UPON SUCH RECONDITION.)
- MODIFIED SOFTWARE ASSUME ATTRIBUTES 1 TO 4.
<3>HOW DOES A VIRUS SPREAD:
A computer virus can only be put into your system either by
yourself or someone else. One way in which a virus can be
put into your computer is via a Trojan Horse.
-TROJAN HORSE IS USUALLY CONTAMINATED IN DISKS WHICH ARE
PARTICULARY PIRATED COPIES OF SOFTWARE. IT IS SIMPLY A
DAMAGING PROGRAM DISGUISED AS AN INNOCENT ONE. MANY
VIRUSES MAYBE HIDDEN IN IT, BUT T.H. THEMSELVES DO NOT
HAVE THE ABILITY TO REPLICATE.
Viruses also can be spread through a Wide Area network
(WAN) or a Local Area Network (LAN) by telephone line.
For example down loading a file from a local BBS.
BBS(bulletin board system)-AN Electronic mailbox that user
can access to send or receive massages.
However, there seems to be countless numbers of ways to
become infected. Every-time you down loads a program from
somewhere or borrowed a disk from a friend, you are taking
a risk of getting infected.
<4>DAMAGES AND SIGNS OF INFECTION:
a.> Fill Up your P.C. with Garbage:
As a virus reproduces, it takes up space. This space cannot
be used by the operator. As more copies of the virus are
made, the memory space is lessened.
b.> Mess Up Files:
Computer files have a fixed method of being stored. With
this being the case, it is very easy for a computer virus to
affect the system so some parts of the accessed files cannot
be located.
c.> Mess Up FAT:
FAT(the File Allocation Table) is the method used to contain
the information required about the location of files stored
on a disk. Any allocation to this information can cause
endless trouble.
d.> Mess Up The Boot Sector:
The boot sector is the special information found on a disk.
Changing the boot sector could result in the inability of the
computer to run.
e.> Format a Disk/ Diskette:
A virus can simply format a disk as the operator would with
the format or initialise command.
f.> Reset The Computer:
To reset the computer, the operator or the user only has to
press a few keys. The virus can do this by sending the codes
to the operating system.
g.> Slowing Things Down:
As the name implies, the object of the virus is to slow down
the running line of the program.
h.> Redefine Keys:
The computer has been program to recognize that certain
codes/ signals symbolize a certain keystroke. The virus
could change the definition of these keystrokes.
i.> Lock The Keyboard: redefining all keys into an empty key.
<5>WHAT TO DO AFTER VIRUS ATTACKS:
When signs of a virus attack have been recognized,
the virus has already reproduced itself several times.
Thus, to get rid of the virus, the user has to hack down
and destroy each one of these copies. The easier way is to:
1. Have the original write protected back-up copy of your
operating system on a diskette.
2. Power down the machine.
3. Boot up the system from the original system diskette.
4. Format the hard disk.
5. Restore all back-ups and all executable program.
*If it's not effective, power down and seek for professional help*
<6> TYPE OF VIRUSES:
a.> OVER-WRITING VIRUSES
b.> NON-OVERWRITNG VIRUSES
c.> MEMORY RESENDENT VIRUSES
<7>PRACTICE SAFE HEX:
Viruses are a day to day reality. Different activities
leads to different exposure. To protect oneself from a
virus, several things can be done:
1. Avoid them in the first place.
2. Discovering and getting rid of them.
3. Repairing the damage.
The simple thing that can cut down on exposure rate are to:
avoid pirate software, checking programs that have been down
loaded form the BBS before running them. Make sure that you
have sufficient backups.
<8> ANTIVIRUS PRODUCTS COMPANY:
The pace at which new antiviral products have been pouring
onto the market has accelerated rapidly since the major
infection of 1988. Indeed, by early 1989, there were over 60
proprietary products making varied claims for effectiveness in
preventing or detecting virus attacks.
For: IBM PCs & Compatibles
DISK DEFENDER PC SAFE McAFEE SCAN
DIRECTOR TECHNOLOGIES THE VOICE CONNECTION McAFEE ASSOCIATES
906 University Place 17835 Skypark Circle 4423 Cheeney Street
Evanston, IL 60201 Irvine, CA 92714 Santa Clara, CA 95054
TEL: (408) 727-4559 TEL: (714) 261-2366 TEL: (408) 988-3832
Price: $ 240.00 U.S. Price: $ 45.00 U.S. Price: $ 80.00 U.S.
Class : HARD.2 Class : SOFT.1 Class: SOFT.3
For: Macintosh Plus, SE, & II(Apple)
VIREX
HJC SOFTWARE
P.O. BOX 51816
Durham, NC 27717
TEL: (919) 490-1277
Price: $ 99.95 U.S.
Class : SOFT.3
*Class 1(infection prevention class)*
Most Class 1 products are unable to distinguish between an
acceptable or unacceptable access to an executable program.
For example, a simply DOS COPY command might cause the waring
appear on screen.
*Class 2(infection detection class)*
All Class 2 products are able to distinguish all DOS
commands. Addition to Class 1's prevention fuction, it is able
to protect all COM and EXE files from infection.
*Class 3(Top class)*
Class 3 products are cable of both prevention & detection
fuctions. And they are cable of removing the infection viruses.
<1>. COMPUTER VIRUSES a high-tech disease
WRITTEN BY: RALF BURGER
PUBLISH BY: ABACUS, U.S.A
<2>. DATA THEFT
WRITTEN BY: HUGO CORNWALL
PUBLISH BY: PONTING-GREEN, LONDON
<3>. COMPUTER VIRUSES,WORMS,DATA DIDDLERS,KILLER
-PROGRAMS, AND OTHER THREATS TO YOUR SYSTEM
WRITTEN BY: JOHN McAFEE & COLIN HAYNES
PUBLISH BY: ST.MARTIN'S PRESS, U.S.A
*************************************************
* COMPUTER VIRUSES CRISIS * THE SECRET WORLD *
* WRITTEN BY: PHILP E FITES * OF COMPUTER *
****************************** WRITTEN BY: *
* COMPUTE'S COMPUTER VIRUSES * ALLAN LNNDELL *
* WRITTEN BY: RALPH ROBERTS * *
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